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Penetration testing (pen testing) is a cornerstone of cybersecurity, helping organizations uncover and address vulnerabilities in their IT infrastructure. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) offers a structured approach to this practice in its SP 800-115, ‘Technical Guide to Information Security Testing and Assessment.’ This publication outlines a systematic, four-phase process to guide organizations in conducting thorough security tests. This guide outlines a four-step process designed to help organizations systematically conduct penetration tests. Below, we delve into each of these steps and highlight the key aspects of NIST’s recommendations.